Personal Narrative Essay - Why I Write - 882 Words

Reflective Essay â€Å"Why I write?† This is one of the first essay that I can recall that we went over and discussed in class. I can remember doing peer reviews, going over example essays, and other interactive class activities. I can’t say that I remember everything or loved all of it. What I can say is that I did learn and I did get a lot out of this class. I feel like I learned something about myself from writing these essays as well as how to actually write a paper. I believe writing the personal narrative was the most challenging for me to start. First off trying to pick an event that might somewhat be entertaining without it being too personal was difficult. Second, I hadn’t written a paper in seven years my brain hadn’t been in student mode in quite a while. Sample essays were particularly helpful in getting me started. I adored the story you told about running over the lilac bush, I’m not sure why, but this is the one that stuck with me the most. Peer reviews and teacher conference where also very helpful to me it was nice to have an opportunity to get feedback before handing in an essay. Unfortunately, I missed out on a peer review day and teacher conference in my second essay and this was very harmful to my paper. What I ended up learning in this essay was a lot more personal. I did acquire about how to cite a paper and the topic that I wrote about, which is very help information to have in college. Foregoing my conference was a big mistake on my part, so why didShow MoreRelatednarrative essay1321 Words   |  6 PagesNarrative Essay A Brief Guide to Writing Narrative Essays Narrative writing tells a story. In essays the narrative writing could also be considered reflection or an exploration of the author s values told as a story. The author may remember his or her past, or a memorable person or event from that past, or even observe the present. When you re writing a narrative essay, loosen up. After all, you re basically just telling a story to someone, something you probably do every day in casual conversationRead MoreWhat Should I Write About Your Personal Narrative Essay932 Words   |  4 Pagesnecessary to type personal narratives, without so much as a hint of a topic, it can drive a student to some rather interesting conclusions. Some of these conclusions may be as simple as â€Å"Hmm, what should I write about?† Or perhaps more complicated and â€Å"Great, it’s 2:00 A.M. the day the paper is due and I have nothing typed.† No matter the situation the creative thinking process can be greatly limited, thus I present to you the narrative of me typing my personal narrative essay. It began rather calmlyRead MoreI Am The Product Of Clark County Educational System Essay1503 Words   |  7 Pagesforte. Nevertheless, this is not to say that I could not write. Throughout the semester with the assigned reading assignments and the given practical writing exercises I have come to grasp a vague understanding, I had never been taught how to write essays correctly. I am the product of Clark County Educational system. I have always struggled through my last classes and hoped to get out of my struggles this semester. One the greatest challenges that I faced was the distinction that existed among differentRead MoreWhy I Am A English?947 Words   |  4 Pagesskills that I can now apply to future writing projects. Among many things, the three lessons that I got the most use out of are the following; how to correctly structure an essay, different methods of writing, and the personal growth that I’ve had since taking this class. With English being my second language, it is difficult for me to express myself in writing form. It is extremely frustrating to have countless ideas and opinions that I would like to share with an audience, but because I am not comfortableRead MoreNarrative Essay1497 Words   |  6 PagesThe Narrative Essay *What is a Narrative Essay? †¢ Narrative writing tells a story. In essays, the narrative writing could also be considered reflection or an exploration of the authors values told as a story. The author may remember his or her past, or a memorable person or event from that past, or even observe the present. †¢ The author may write about: -An experience or event from his or her past. -A recent or ongoing experience or event. Read MoreState Of The Essay - Original Writing1293 Words   |  6 PagesState of the Essay The thing about these essays is that the problems I encounter with them are twofold. It’s like that scene in Jurassic Park where they realize that they have all the problems of a major zoo and a major amusement park. First, I have to worry about the time managment piece. When students wait until the last minute to do the work it’s generally not very good or it’s incomplete or both...probably both. That is a self-discipline issue that is completely removed from what I’m actuallyRead MoreSelf Reflection Essay984 Words   |  4 Pagesassignment is a self-reflection essay on what you learned during the semester in ENG 111. There were three other essay assignments. The first one was called a literacy narrative, the second one, a single source essay, and the third one, a multi-source essay. But how can I write about things I do not understand? I had never taken an online class before, much less, a class that required so much reading and writing. This is a c ollege level course and I am just a junior in high school. I was clueless about writingRead MoreReflection Paper1022 Words   |  5 Pagessemester I have grown as a writer. There are still things that I could of course work on, and get better at. But, as of recently I have become a better writer than what I started out as. Concepts that I have learned I can continue to build off of to become a better writer. Which is something I hope to do. Going into English 1010 I knew there were things that I could be better at. Therefore, I came into class with an open mind. This class has taught me how to use certain skills to write a well writtenRead MoreIn My Creative Nonfiction Genre Proposal, I Stated That,1571 Words   |  7 Pagesmy creative nonfiction genre proposal, I stated that, â€Å"my [creative writing project s] focus will be literary essays that address humanity’s universal desire for a sense of identity and belonging; these essays will be written from a personal perspe ctive, containing anecdotes, internal conflicts, and external opinions† (1). A little over ten weeks later, I believe I have achieved this goal in my final draft because of the stylistic approaches and revisions I made with the help of the Creative WritingRead MoreAdvice For First Writing Course At The University Of Central Florida983 Words   |  4 PagesAdvice to First Writing Course at the University of Central Florida Writing courses can be challenging and that is why I decided to write this personal narrative. I believe that a personal narrative is better for an advice column than a research paper. A personal narrative would give more personal experience and insight on how the course was. It would be more valid since it is true. I think people learn better when they read and hear something from the person they are talking to rather than being

Foucault, Consumerism, and Identity - 2310 Words

Foucault, Consumerism, and Identity Michel Foucault presents those revolutionary sorts of analyses that are rich not only for their content but for their implications and novel methodological approach. Just beyond the surface of his works lies such philosophical wealth that one can be overwhelmed by considerations of which vein to mine first, and what to make of the elements therefrom extracted. I’ve broken earth in several attractive sites this last week. Some, it seemed, hid their treasures too deep for the scope of this excavation. Some presented me with granite barriers which I do not yet have the tools to penetrate. At other sites, the earth gave way easily and I made great progress, only to be†¦show more content†¦Since the average person could not take themselves as an object, they had to rely on that Other who does have himself as object (the sovereign) to tell them who they are, and what their relationship is to him, since he is capable of knowing both at once, and thus of comparing. The Classi cal age saw an increased interest by the ruling classes, and the emerging intellectual class,2[2] in the affairs of the productive classes. The realisation of the significance of microphysical power is parallelled by the establishment of the subject as the final authority on belief (Luther), the foundation of knowledge (Descartes), and the establisher of rights (Locke). These ideas gave power to masses who had hitherto seen themselves as having none (hardly having â€Å"seen themselves† at all), and fuelled the Age of Revolutions. The Classical discovery of the individual led, by the Romantic period, to its exaltation. The belief in individual power and rights created a demand not only for access to the privileges previously enjoyed only by the elite (such as say in the direction of society), but also for comparable narrative distinctiveness. As the romantics idealised the life of peasants, and socialists proclaimed the rights of workers, common folk began to see their images in culture. Individual enshrinement remained theShow MoreRelatedIs There a Relationship Between Consumption and Identity?1598 Words   |  7 PagesIn traditional societies, peoples identity was rooted in a set of social roles and values, which provided orientation and religious sanctions to define ones place in the world. In modernity, identity is often characterised in terms of mutual recognition, as if ones identity depended on recognition from others combined with self- validation of this recognition. Identity still comes from a pre set of roles and norms. For example, a motherRead MoreThe Consumer Society Essay3590 Words   |  15 Pagesculture of consumerism poses a profound threat to the freedom and individuality of the consumer. In response to this claim, the essay will argue that Marcuse has been right in arguing the advertising and consumerisms aims to manipulate the consumer’s consciousness. Furthermore by taking an existentialist approach it will argue that society ultimately chooses their own path and consents to their own destiny. It also takes into consideration that in the contemporary society consumerism is omnipresent;Read MoreImportant Changes in the Political, Social and Economic Life in the UK1314 Words   |  6 PagesImportant Changes in the Political, Social and Economic Life in the UK There have been significant changes in political social and economic life in the UK over the last 50 years with particular reference to identity and the resulting ordering of our lives in terms of family, work and welfare together with the resulting impact on our health. Within the themes of structure and agency, uncertainty and diversity together with knowledge and knowing, this essay explores the Read MoreHistory of Sexuality3607 Words   |  15 PagesMichel Foucault From 1989 to 1999, the time period of the Clinton Administration, a homosexual force entered the American consciousness. Court cases and rhetoric of the 80s incited a discourse in which homosexuality was re-articulated, re-negotiated, and unmistakably re-repressed (Davis 3). Supreme Court judgment and actions taken by Congress with the Dont Ask, Dont Tell policy exemplify theories of sexuality and power expressed in the philosophies of Michel Foucault. Foucault was aRead MoreThe Melting Pot 1277 Words   |  6 Pagesconflict in a post-cold war world will be that of people’s cultural and religious identities. He suggested that the source of this violent conflict would come from the world’s major civilizations rather than the ideological friction between nation states. Simply put, on a small scale civilizations clash at a point where nearby groups along certain fault lines between civilizations struggle over control of territory and identities of those within particular societies. Whereas, at the macro-level states fromRead MoreIs Class a Zombie Category? Essay example5045 Words   |  21 Pagesprojects to ‘reflexive’ biographies (2002: 2). According to this, individuals are becoming more and more ‘obsessed’ with reconsiderations of their own identity, not only because acceptance of new identities in societies has increased but also because identities or roles can be altered whenever this is felt to be convenient, since ‘shaping [identities] is easier than keeping them in shape’ (Bauman, 2000: 8). Secondly, lifelong projects also are turning into ‘do-it-yourself’ biographies (Beck and Beck-GernsheimRead MoreJudith Butler in Media Studies3516 Words   |  15 Pageshopes of grasping why Butler is so widely read in the communications field. Butler’s most famous published work, Gender Trouble, deals with themes of the semiotics of the human body in juxtaposition to the â€Å"performative subversions† of gender identity (Butler, â€Å"Gender† 372). There is a pervading discussion of internal versus external signifiers of the body. The external signifiers are â€Å"shaped by political forces with strategic interests† as well as social and cultural hegemony (374). She alsoRead MoreCan the Subaltern Speak9113 Words   |  37 PagesThe much-publicized critique of the sovereign subject thus actually inaugurates a Subject. I will argue for this conclusion by considering a text by two great practitioners of the critique: Intellectuals and Power: A Conversation between Michel Foucault and Gilles Deleuze. 3 I have chosen this friendly exchange between two activist philosophers of history because it undoes the opposition between authoritative theoretical production and the unguarded practice of convers ation, enabling one to glimpseRead MoreMedia Representation Of Male And Female Magazine2566 Words   |  11 PagesMen and woman magazines reflect constructed identities, telling readers what they are suppose look like, constructing identities that does not reflect who their readers are however men and woman publications are becoming stereotypical orientated by the media in the use of advertising and editorials. Mainstream media representation plays a role in reinforcing ideas of genders in magazines. Inclusion of controversial male and female magazine this essay will look at who are these publications reflectingRead MoreRepresentation of Different Masculinities2539 Words   |  11 Pagesto this, the fragility of man and narratives surrounding masculine supremacy are present throughout, and undermine any notions of critical morality. One of the key issues which Giroux raises is that Fight Club tries to suggest that consumerism has destabilized masculinity in effect masculinity has been emasculated. â€Å"Ostensibly, Fight Club Appears to be a critique of late capitalist society†¦But Fight Club is less interested in attacking the broader material relations

Customer Service and Data Warehouse Free Essays

Liu, An Chi (Allison) #20, Truong, Dominic #31 Tseng, Chun Yao (Gary) #33, Wang, Wei (Chloe) #35 Wang, Zhuoqun (Mask) #36, Zhang, Tao (Kevin) #48 Professor Kim MGT 205 Assignment #5: IT’s About Business 3. 2 1. Why was it necessary for the Isle of Capri Casinos to develop a data warehouse? The Isle of Capri Casinos experienced challenges in the geographical location of their properties as well as their diverse clientele. We will write a custom essay sample on Customer Service and Data Warehouse or any similar topic only for you Order Now This made it very difficult for the publicly traded gaming company to segment customers and to establishing an inclusive brand image. With that, the company caters to a variety of customers in Mississippi, Louisiana, Missouri, Iowa, Colorado, and Florida. They found the past Customer Relationship Management (CRM) model to have generalized their customer view, thus initiating a need for a ‘single view of the business and the customer’. This new database warehouse method would enhance their competitive strategy by encouraging continuous guest relationships and surpassing guests’ needs and expectations in terms of atmosphere. 2. Describe the variety of benefits that the Isle realized from its data warehouse. There are many benefits for Isle in the development of their new data warehouse. Firstly, the system quickly and conveniently allowed the company to establish segmentation within the market. The system identified segments centered on the number of visits, which ultimately determined the level of offers and values. Eg. Company researchers determined that players who visit four times a month required an alternative incentive package that those who visited once a month. The company was also able to interpret the data generated by the warehouse to develop information for market experiments. The series of segmentations allowed for cross tabulation within customers— Who stayed at least two or three times? Who gamed and who didn’t? How much did staying in a hotel affect customer’s gaming activity? The determination of these experiments created business opportunities within demographics of consumers. One study showed that local customers ‘game more’ when they stay in the casino hotel. Through this experiment, a local promotion was established to encourage customers to stay one free night. In turn, this proved to be profitable in the precision of their targeted offers, consequently motivating customers to visit the company’s casino locations. Lastly, another benefit from the database warehouse was in the strategic determination of slots and game locations. The company could enhance revenue and profit by strategically placing new games and machines based on past behaviors from high-value players. All in all, the data warehouse serves as a valuable resource for market analysis and customer segmentation. How to cite Customer Service and Data Warehouse, Essay examples

Efforts Of Health Professionals In Ensuring Quality And Safe Health

Question: Discuss about the Efforts Of Health Professionals In Ensuring Quality And Safe Health Care Services And Surgical Procedures In Health Facilities. Answer: Literature review of the topic From the studies which were carried out, the health professional is putting in a lot of efforts in ensuring better services delivery. Diversity and equality journal focuses on topics such as gender, culture, healthcare provision, disability, and sexual orientation among many others. The topic of efforts of health care professionals to provide quality and safe health care services has been widely covered (Acton, 2014, p. 456). There are major challenges which face the provision of quality services in health in health facilities which in turn results to delivery of poor surgical procedures, these challenges they are mainly as a result of the changes in disease patterns and demographics as the peoples ages, high cost of medical services and products ,problem of supply of health workforce ,the problem on how to balance the private and public sectors in the provision of health services and the role which urban planning plays in creating sustainable and healthy environment (Armstrong, 2011, p. 890).. Quality in primary care is journal which information mainly about quality improvement in provision of health services, clinical governance which in turn can improve the services and surgical procedures which are being offered in the facility (Braithwaite, 2013, p. 347). The journal is mainly concerned with the quality and quality improvement in the primary care and other prehospital care centers. The journal has a very strong support all over the world from other disciplines which are related to the healthcare provider which includes medicine and other social sciences. Improving safety and quality by the health professional focusing on the care of consumers and patient is a discussion paper journal which was drafted and published in 2010 mainly for the public consultations. Patient-centred care is the health care which is responsive to and respectful of needs, preferences, and values of consumers and patients there are a wide dimensions of patient centred care which they include physical comfort of the patients, the emotional support which the patients need, better care coordination, continuity and transition and respect of the patient (Duguid, 2016, p. 587). This article shows that the measure of the efforts which the health professionals have put in place to ensure that there is better provision of services and surgical procedures. It is well demonstrated in this journal that the patient care experience is improved by patient-centred care and it also provides public respect and trust towards the services which are being offered by the health facilities, when administrators of health care facilities, providers, families, and patients work together in partnership, the standards and quality of healthcare rises, the cost of health care provision decreases and the satisfaction of the provider increases and the patient care is improved. Patient centred care also improves the business metrics of the health facility such the finances, market, quality, and safety (Farrell, 2017, p. 680). National safety and quality health services standards is a health journal which was endorsed by the government of Australia in September 2011.this article defines the roles which every party in the healthcare facility plays to ensure that the services and surgical procedures which are carried out are up to the standards (Fraser, 2016, p. 789).. The clinical workforce is comprised of the healthcare professionals play an essential role to ensure that the healthcare services which they provide are better each and every day. When the health care professionals participate in the organizational processes, improvement initiatives and they are trained in line with the roles and services which they are accountable (Governance, 2011, p. 246). The professionals can improve the quality of the services and surgical procedures in their health facilities by understanding their wider responsibility for quality and safety in the provision of services, by the professionals following the safety and quality procedures as per the standards which are set by the relevant authorities and by participating in the review of the performance procedures of the individual professional (Health, 2012, p. 345). When the healthcare professional forms partnership with carers and patients the patients care experience improves and also the safety system of the facility, planning of the organizational process and the quality of training and quality initiative also improves (Health, 2012, p. 345). The role of the non-clinical professionals is equally very important in ensuring provision of better services it is usually consisted of volunteers or a group of individuals who are paid to ensure proper implementation of safety systems and carry out trainings and campaigns which enables on to be informed of the healthcare facility policies and plans which are in place in ensuring that the patients receive better services (Healy, 2015, p. 543). Patients and carers these two parties play an import role to ensure that safe and better health care services are provided, patients and carers they are always involved in the decision making which concerns their own health for instance the patients who have to undergo surgery they should be informed about the surgery and they will be required to sign a form which shows they are ready and accepts the operation to take place this is to ensure that their rights in health care providers are not interfered with (Long, 2013, p. 478). Clinical workforce.it refers to all parties who are involved in the day to day running of the clinic which ensures that patients are able to get better and quality services which will improve their health conditions (OECD, 2016, p. 345). Search strategy An online search was conducted on various databases which were containing information which was related to the topic of research such as the primary health care providers and diversities in quality and safety health care services (Research, 2014, p. 702). The search strategy included searching the key concepts in the research topic such as; safety, quality, clinical workforce, healthcare, health care service and patient healthcare experience. The search was limited to materials which were published in the last eight years and the ones which were written only in English. After the search 400 materials which were containing relevant information were found but after the removal of the irrelevant and depletes 17 relevant articles remained which we analysed into details (Willis, 2014, p. 639). General critical review of the evidence According to the journals which were studied it showed that there are a lot of implementations which are being put in place by to ensure that the services which are being provided in the healthcare facilities meet the standard which is set out by the bodies in charge of health care provision. Health care safety and quality are receiving international attention the central function of the health care system (jones, 2014, p. 400). This shows a number of factors which have resulted into this they include the technical complication of the modern health care, the population of patients who need to benefit from the healthcare innervations and the complexity of the system from which the health care is provided (maclon, 2012, p. 247). Particular issues which are affecting the quality of the services which are offered in the facilities are the ones which have contributed to the innervations to be put in place so as to improve the situation and the same time to try and improve the patient healthcare experience which have deteriorated over time due to the poor services and surgical procedures which are delivered in the healthcare facilities (mavis, 2012). The responding and understanding to the variations in the practices of clinical healthcare and the safety of the patients have also contributed to the poor services which are being offered in the facilities. Health care professionals strengthen the capacity of patients and consumers of playing an informed role which focuses on the provision of information which promotes the health care system learning and which promotes the public confidence on the services which are being offered. The wide focus which have been witnessed with the health care professionals on improving the quality of services which are being offered may be attributed to a number of factors such as the unexplained variations in the patterns of treatments across a range of conditions, the rise in the cost of healthcare and the ongoing media reports about the poor safety and quality services which are being offered in the facilities. Quality healthcare refers to the degree through which individuals or a group of people increases the chances of the result of the expected outcome are informed of the professional knowledge.it is the range of interactions that the health care providers have with the patients which include the patients' health plans which they get from the medics and another hospital. Staff (Healy, 2015, p. 356). Strengths and limitations of the evidence Efforts of the healthcare professionals to improve the quality and safety of services which are offered in the healthcare care facilities have a range of benefits such as improving the patient healthcare experience, improvement of the public confidence to the services which are being offered in the healthcare facilities through that some members of the public can volunteer themselves to be ambassador of initiatives which are started by the professionals so as to engage the public on how to improve the services which are being delivered, through the efforts of the professionals it has been made possible for families, patients, and the healthcare professionals to work together so as to provide quality services, proper and quality training among the professionals and non-professionals have been carried out to ensure that all the parties in the healthcare facilities are working towards provision of high quality and safe services, through the efforts which have been put in place by the cl inical professionals it has resulted to be having safe safety system which has made the confidence of the patients who come to search for services in the facilities to increase and also there has resulted to a smooth running on the organisation processes since all the workforce in the clinics are working towards achieving their goal of provision of high-quality services (Long, 2013, p. 768). There were also limitations which were noted form the professionals of healthcare trying to emphasize the provision of high-quality services such as the financial constraints which most of the facilities are undergoing cannot allow them to implement the policies which they have come up with because most of those policies which were created were to result in most of the rights of patients being violated (Fraser, 2016, p. 223). Through that many of the health professionals were involving the patients in running some of the activities of the facility without considering their conditions this result in the bodies which are responsible for the safety of the patients to rebuke the licence of the professionals thus slowing down activities in the healthcare facility and also lowering the morale of the other professionals who may be willing to provide quality and safe health care services (Braithwaite, 2013, p. 121). Relevance and impacts of the findings on the topic From the findings in the journals and other sources where the efforts of the professionals to provide high quality services which meets the expectations of the patients the efforts need to get more support from the relevant bodies who are in charge of provision of healthcare services to the patients this can be achieved by financing the healthcare facilities so as to enable them to implement the policies which can enable them to achieve their goals of providing quality services (Fraser, 2016, p. 223).. Clinical governance contributes greatly on how the services are being delivered in the facility. According to the topic of research, the clinical management should ensure that the way clinics are being managed does not affect the efforts of the healthcare professional to provide quality and safe services to the patients. Through understanding the patient needs and preferences and their values as explained in the Improving safety and quality journal the healthcare workforce can be in a position to consider the patients while they are making their new policies which can enable them to be in a position of providing quality and safe healthcare services as pointed out by the bodies which are in charge of the provision of healthcare. Once the needs and values of the patients are observed and ensured that there is no right of the patient is violated then the patient healthcare will increase due to the quality healthcare offered. References Acton, Q. A., 2014. Issues in Quality in Healthcare and Quality of Life: 2012 Edition. London: ScholarlyEditions. Armstrong, B. K., 2011. The final report of the Taskforce on Quality in Australian Health Care. 2md ed. New York: Australian Health Ministers' Advisory Council. Braithwaite, P. J., 2013. Healthcare Reform, Quality, and Safety: Perspectives, Participants, Partnerships and Prospects in 30 Countries. 3rd ed. Chicago: Ashgate Publishing. Duguid, M., 2016. Antimicrobial Stewardship in Australian Hospitals. 1st ed. Sidney: AusAustralian Commission on Safety Quality in Health Caretralian Commission on Safety Quality in Health Care. Farrell, A.-M., 2017. Health Law. 4th ed. New York: Cambridge University Press. Fraser, J., 2016. PaediatricNursing in Australia. 1st ed. Texas: Cambridge University Press. Governance, A. R. o. F., 2011. National Arrangements for Safety Quality of Health Care in Australia: The Report of the Review of Future Governance Arrangements for Safety and Quality in Health Care. 2nd ed. London: Department of Health and Ageing. Health, D. o., 2012. Western Australian Strategic Plan for Safety and Quality in Health Care 2003-2008. 1st ed. Chicago: Department of Health. Healy, J., 2015. Improving Health Care Safety and Quality: Reluctant Regulators. 3rd ed. Paris: Routledge. jones, m., 2014. Taskforce on Quality in Australian Health Care. Final Report to the Hon Dr. Michael Wooldridge MP Minister for Health and Family Services Commonwealth of Australia. 2nd ed. Chicago: Australian Health Ministers' Advisory Council, 1996. Long, A., 2013. Health Care Quality Activities in Practice in Australia: Extracts from the AAQHC/ACHS National Quality Database. 2nd ed. Paris: Australian Council on Healthcare Standards. Marlon, j., 2012. Australian Charter of Healthcare Rights. 1st ed. Texas: Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Healthcare. mavis, j., 2012. the safety and quality health care programme. 1st ed. London: bright way press. OECD, 2016. Reviews of Health Care Quality OECD Reviews of Health Care Quality: United Kingdom 2016 Raising Standards: Raising Standards. 2nd ed. Berlin: OECD Publishing. Research, C. F. H., 2014. Health Care in Australia: Prescriptions for Improvement. 3rd ed. Berlin: ACHR,Nursing Willis, E., 2014. Understanding the Australian Health Care System - E-Book. 1st ed. London: Elsevier Health Sciences.

Nationalism In 19Th Century Ireland Essays -

Nationalism In 19Th Century Ireland Nationalism in Ireland during the Nineteenth Century After the Act of Union in 1801 the fate of the Irish people was in the hands of British M.P.s. They ruled the majority in Parliament and were making all of the decisions without much regard for the opinion from the people of Ireland. In order for the voices of the Irish people to be heard there would have to be a new nationalist approach to dealing with the British Parliament. Leaders such as Daniel OConnell and Charles Parnell revolutionized strategies of approaching government. The beginning of the century belonged to OConnell and his nonviolent approach, but the second half of the century belonged to Parnell who was not concerned as much with peace. At the beginning of the eighteenth century the question at hand was whether or not Catholics could be trusted, however the early part of the nineteenth century dealt with a new issue, Catholic Emancipation. The success of the emancipation effort can be attributed to the political genius of one man, Daniel OConnell. OConnell was a successful lawyer in Ireland and wanted to join his people together to fight for Catholic Emancipation. Although the penal laws at the end of the eighteenth century had allowed Catholics to have their own schools, vote at parliament elections and join professions, they were still banned from sitting in parliament, becoming judges, and holding high offices in the army and navy. OConnell realized that in order to receive full emancipation they would have to join together in a single organized effort. His actions displayed a nationalist effort that had never been seen before to this caliber before. In 1823 OConnell started the Catholic Association. What was different about the Association than any other prior movement groups was that it included everyone. It was not aimed solely at the wealthy. This mass of people included the Catholic Clergy who became trusted leaders of local agitations. OConnell established a rent which was a one penny per month subscription to the association. This rent not only produced more revenue for the cause than ever before, but also created a sense of belonging to the cause. In order to change the voice of parliament to support Catholic emancipation the Association pushed its members to vote. They did not want them to vote according to their landlords whishes like they had done in the past. OConnell and the association wanted the people to vote to help their cause. The association was able to help financially support those who were kicked off of their land for not complying with their landlords wishes of who to vote for. This enabled a few members of parliament who were opposed to emancipation be replaced by those who did. Another turning point of the movement was when OConnell decided to run against Fitzgerald for a seat in Parliament. Although OConnell was prohibited by law to actually sit in parliament he was allowed to run. In 1828 OConnells people showed up at the voting booths in large numbers and he defeated Fitzgerald, adding fire to his cause. Wellington and Peel were very powerful leaders in Parliament and opposed to the emancipation of Catholics, but could not fail to recognize the intensity and organization of the Association. Even though OConnell called for a peaceful resolution Peel and Wellington feared violence. When the Catholic Emancipation bill was introduced in 1829 they supported and it was passed on April thirteenth of that year. This was a huge victory for OConnell and they Catholic people. It also showed how when a feeling of nationalism was created for a cause that goals could be accomplished. This was the most defining moments of OConnells career and inspiration for his repeal association which followed soon after. The repeal association was organized in a similar fashion to the Catholic Association. It included a rent, and encouraged support from the masses. OConnell and his followers believed that if they stood up to parliament in an organized fashion with large numbers of people then change could be made without the use of physical force. Monster meetings were organized where attendance was unprecedented. It seemed as though the people would be heard again, but OConnell did not realize that the circumstances of parliament differed greatly during the repeal movement than those of the emancipation movement. The conservative party had taken control of parliament and OConnells rival Robert Peel was Prime Minister. Peel and the parliament were not nearly as

About the US Civil Rights Act of 1875

About the US Civil Rights Act of 1875 The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was a United States federal law enacted during the post-Civil War Reconstruction Era that guaranteed African Americans equal access to public accommodations and public transportation.  The Act came less than a decade after the Civil Rights Act of 1866 had taken the nation’s first steps towards civil and social equality for black Americans after the Civil War.   The law read, in part: â€Å"†¦ all persons within the jurisdiction of the United States shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the accommodations, advantages, facilities, and privileges of inns, public conveyances on land or water, theaters, and other places of public amusement; subject only to the conditions and limitations established by law, and applicable alike to citizens of every race and color, regardless of any previous condition of servitude.† The law also prohibited the exclusion of any otherwise qualified citizen from jury duty because of their race and provided that lawsuits brought under the law must be tried in the federal courts, rather than state courts. The law was passed by the 43rd United States Congress on February 4, 1875, and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1875. Parts of the law were later ruled unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in the Civil Rights Cases of 1883. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was one of the main pieces of Reconstruction legislation passed by Congress after the Civil War. Other laws enacted included the Civil Rights Act of 1866, four Reconstruction Acts enacted in 1867 and 1868, and three Reconstruction Enforcement Acts in 1870 and 1871. The Civil Right Act in Congress Initially intended to implement the 13th and 14th amendments to the Constitution, the Civil Rights Act of 1875 traveled a long and bumpy five-year journey to final passage. The bill was first introduced in 1870 by Republican Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts, widely regarded as one of the most influential civil rights advocates in Congress. In drafting the bill, Sen. Sumner was advised by John Mercer Langston, a prominent African American attorney and abolitionist who would later be named the first dean of the Howard University law department. In considering his Civil Rights Act to be the key to achieving the highest goals of Reconstruction, Sumner once stated, â€Å"Very few measures of equal importance have ever been presented.† Sadly, Sumner did not survive to see his bill voted on, dying at age 63 of a heart attack in 1874. On his deathbed, Sumner pleaded to famed African-American social reformer abolitionist, and statesman Frederick Douglass, â€Å"Don’t let the bill fail.† When first introduced in 1870, the Civil Rights Act not only banned discrimination in public accommodations, transportation, and jury duty, it also prohibited racial discrimination in schools. However, in the face of growing public opinion favoring enforced racial segregation, Republican lawmakers realized that the bill had no chance of passing unless all references to equal and integrated education were removed. Over the many long days of debate on the Civil Rights Act bill, lawmakers heard some of the most impassioned and impactful speeches ever delivered on the floor of the House of Representatives. Relating their personal experiences of discrimination, African American Republican representatives carried the debated in favor of the bill. â€Å"Every day my life and property are exposed, are left to the mercy of others and will be so long as every hotel-keeper, railroad conductor, and steamboat captain can refuse me with impunity,† said Rep. James Rapier of Alabama, adding famously, â€Å"After all, this question resolves itself into this: either I am a man or I am not a man.† After nearly five years of debate, amendment, and compromise the Civil Rights Act of 1875 won final approval, passing in the House be a vote of 162 to 99. Supreme Court Challenge Considering slavery and racial segregation to be different issues, many white citizens in the Northern and the Southern states challenged Reconstruction laws like the Civil Rights Act of 1875, claiming they unconstitutionally infringed of their personal freedom of choice. In an 8-1 decision issued on October 15, 1883, the Supreme Court declared key sections of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 to be unconstitutional. As part of its decision in the combined Civil Rights Cases, the Court held that while the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibited racial discrimination by the state and local governments, it did not grant the federal government the power to prohibit private individuals and organizations from discriminating on the basis of race. In addition, the Court held that the Thirteenth Amendment had been intended only to ban slavery and did not prohibit racial discrimination in public accommodations. After the Supreme Court’s ruling, the Civil Rights Act of 1875 would be the last federal civil rights law enacted until ​the  passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 during the early stages of the modern Civil Rights Movement. Legacy of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 Stripped of all protections against discrimination and segregation in education, the Civil Rights Act of 1875 had little practical impact on racial equality during the eight years it was in force before being struck down by the Supreme Court.   Ã‚   Despite the law’s lack of immediate impact, many provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 were eventually adopted by Congress during the civil rights movement as part of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Civil Rights Act of 1968 (the Fair Housing Act). Enacted as part of the Great Society social reform program of President Lyndon B. Johnson, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 permanently outlawed segregated public schools in America.

Assess the practical usefulness and the relevance of game theory in Essay

Assess the practical usefulness and the relevance of game theory in light of the demanding assumptions behind the concept of the - Essay Example On e would be able to find out the importance and demerit of using Nash equilibrium in the real world. Introduction Game theory refers to the study of the techniques of decision making. The study gives calculated methods of giving a strategic decision in an economic issue. It puts related disciplines of philosophy, mathematics and psychology in making strategic decision making. Since its invention in 1944 by John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern, it has undergone severall improvement and applications. The Nash equilibrium is a concept in game theory that gives solutions to games that involves more than one player. In Nash equilibrium, every player makes the best decision considering that the opponent would make their own best decision too. Jon Nash realized that one has no capabilities to tell and predict others’ decisions by only viewing one case. Isolation prevents proper analysis of decisions. In addition, every player knows that there is nothing to gain by changing their strategy. Therefore, the only option left for a player is to get know what one player would do by considering the others’ decisions in the process. Game theory uses the concepts of Nash equilibrium when making an analysis of strategic interaction that occurs between the decision makers. Throughout history, Nash’s equilibrium concept has been useful with practical application in times of war and arms races. Some of the practical applications of Nash equilibrium include; mitigation of members in conflict by use of repeated interactions, determining the point in which people of different preferences may agree to cooperate, occurrence of currency crises, the flow of traffic on busy roads, setting up regulatory regulations and during soccer when kicking penalties (Myerson 2013, p56). In Nash equilibrium, everybody gets involved in a game the moment their fate is a point where the decision depends on the other person playing the game. The game does not have all the practical conditions that exist in the real world. Some of the unrealistic assumption that the game assumes are as follows; the concepts operate in the assumption that the players possess powerful computing techniques, through which, they analyze every situation giving no chance to any faults. Human beings operate under situations that may involve a lot of unforeseen situations. Thus, humans are prone to making incorrect decisions during the period. In addition, the concepts call for radical decisions that raise a lot of questions (Zhao 2007, p89). Another unrealistic nature is that it gives either the optimum or a value at equilibrium. It does not give a true value. In pratically, the scenarios are true and would require two choices giving true results. That is; the results of the prisoner’s dilemma are not as optimum as the theory tends to show. In some of the cases, the concept could be unreliable and misleading the practical user. However, such cases are limited since the Nash equ ilibrium has registered many instances of positive feedback. Nash equilibrium sets up a base in which other theories and practical scenarios can base their applications for success in the real world (Zhao 2007, p77). Conditions that exist in the real world seem to be more complicated that in examples. For example, if an event that two competing companies set their market price at say, $10, one company would attempt to set a slightly lower price to increase its sales, as long

Work on Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Work on Economics - Essay Example It therefore, gives a measure of responsiveness of quantity demanded depending on the changes of prices of the Justcookbooks.com while the other factors are held constant. Price elasticity of the demand = Proportionate change in quantity demanded Proportionate change in price Price elasticity of the demand = Q1 – Q2 (Q1 + Q2)/ 2 P1 – P2 (P1 +P2)/ 2 Price elasticity of the demand = -305,000 +215,000 (-305,000 + 215,000)/ 2 Price elasticity of the demand = 35– 25 (35 – 25)/ 2 Price elasticity of the demand = 2/2 = 1 Since, the price elasticity of the demand is equal to one, the demand for the online Justcookbooks.com have a unitary elasticity. This is because small changes in price undertaken do not affect the total revenue generated from the books demanded. As a result, an increase in the price further than the price of $ 35 will not affect the demand for the books. With a unitary elasticity, it is not business worth to undertake the business from its curre nt state as the price increases will not affect the revenues generated (Mankiw, 2012). ... + 16,000 = $456,000 Marginal Cost More than often, the marginal cost is calculated, as the additional cost incurred when an extra one more unit of the Justcookbooks.com is produced (Mankiw, 2012). With the equation total cost = 20 Q + 16000, the total cost goes up by $20 each and every time an additional good is sold. Therefore, we take the coefficient of Q which indicates the quantity demanded that gives a constant marginal cost is $20 per unit sold. Implications of Long Run and Short Run Period In most cases, companies face a lot of challenges while carrying out its operations in both the long run and short run period. This is because in the short run, one factor of production remains constant as it is always assumed to be in fixed supply. Therefore, the essential capital inputs for example, the cost of equipment remains fixed while the other costs incurred remain varied over time (Mankiw, 2012). More than often, the law of diminishing returns applies in the short run period, as mo re units of a variable input is added to the fixed amounts of equipment, which brings about the change in total output that rises at first and thereafter falls with time. Nonetheless, in the long run, all factors of production are considered to vary with the quantity of goods sold over time. In the long run, the output of the business will respond to changes in factors of production inputs that are usually referred to as returns to scale. This ranges from increasing, constant and diminishing returns to scale. Diminishing Marginal Returns and Economies of Scale Both the diminishing marginal returns and economies of scale are phases under which a product in the market has to undergo over time. Under the law of diminishing returns, an addition of one type of production input while the other

Implementation and Analysis the Dream Act Article

Implementation and Analysis the Dream Act - Article Example The DREAM act has been widely debated upon immigration policy, being either the subject of discussion or action. This policy was independently administered by the department of Homeland security. The DHS secretary, Janet Napolitano released a memorandum ordering DHS to defer the deportation process temporarily, for individuals described by the DREAM Act. The new policy is to be implemented through a department of Homeland Security directive ‘deferred action’ that lets the administration bypass congress. The implementation of this policy is thus utterly constitutional. The Congress has not only rejected the act once, but twice. This issue raises the question regarding how Americans feel about the Act (Batalova & McHugh, 2005). People affected by the act are the immigrants that do not meet all the qualifications for instance, those who do not meet the act’s education requirement. The combination of poor English skills and lack of high school diploma would be a barrier to those seeking to pursue the legal status through the military. Study shows that almost a third of the unauthorized children live below 100 percent of the federal poverty level. This reflects the hardships in paying tuition fees, transport, and other expenses. This diminishes the possibility of achieving the education level as required by the dream act (Batalova & McHugh, 2005). Some states will be affected more than others by the implementation of DREAM Act. This is due to the population sizes of potential beneficiaries. Access to education for the act’s beneficiaries would also vary from state to state due to the difference in education policies. Implementation of this policy would allow the DREAM Act to achieve its goals; to establish a path to citizenship for immigrants who were brought in the US by their parents as children. The act will

Do Violent Video Games Cause Youth Violence Media Essay

Do Violent Video Games Cause Youth Violence Media Essay During the last years, the popularity of violent video games has increased significantly. Consequently, parents and teachers have become worried that these violent videogames may contribute or cause youth violence. These games have been blamed for school shootings, juvenile crime and sexist violence. In addition, the criticism towards violent video games from the media, and the parental community are so continuous, the causal connection between the videogames and violence has been accepted as an absolute reality. But the truth is another. Patrick Kierkegaard, a PhD student at Nottingham University, revised the researches and investigations on this matter, and published his conclusions in the magazine International Journal of Liability and Scientific Enquiry. In his work, he questions if there is scientific evidence that states that violent videogames contribute to violence or aggressive behavior, and the truth of the matter is: there is none. He also notes that if a connection between playing violent videogames and the activation of the regions of the brain associated with violence is produced, is not grounds for establishing a strong, proven and evident bond between the players attitude while playing the game and his behavior in real life. Furthermore, he states that there is no relationship between juvenile violence and the increasing sales of violent video games. In fact the effect seems to be the opposite, it looks like violent video games have decreased violence, but this theory hasnt been proven either. Moreover, Kierkegaard shows concrete data and statistics, such as, the reduction of violent crime in the United States, since the 90Â ´s, particularly among the youth, while video games have gained a lot of popularity and use, and he adds with millions of violent video games sold, the world should be experiencing a breakout of violence, instead, violence has decreased (Kierkegaard). And then there is this: In 2005, the US had 2,279 murders committed by teenagers compared to 73 in Japan. Per capita, video game sales were $5.20 in the US compared to $47 in Japan. This example illustrates that there is no correlation between violent behavior and playing video games. Duke Ferris published an article in Game Revolution titled The Truth About Violent Youth and Video Games. The author, a video game programmer doesnt take an academic approach to this issue, but uses official sources to support his point. In his article he says that over 300 studies have been conducted to see the effects of violent media, 30 of them studied video games. The majority did not find anything, but some found a correlation between violence and violent media. Now, even if this was true, correlation is not the same as causation. The reason for these results, according to the author, is that violent people are attracted to violent media. Blaming violent media would be like going to the opera, noticing that most people there are rich, and concluding that opera makes people rich (Ferris). Another point that Ferris presents, is an analysis of the risk factors of youth violence by the Surgeon General of the United States of America. In this analysis violent media was classified as small effect size, and other factors such as, socioeconomic status, academic failure, poor parent-child relations, weak social ties, and just being male were rated as higher risk factors than violent media exposure. Additionally correlation between violent video games and youth violence was proven to be ineffective by judge Consuelo Callahan, in Video Software Dealers Association v. Schwarzenegger. In this trial, Schwarzenegger claimed that violent video games cause neurological and psychological harm, but the evidence presented was a study that showed just a correlation to which Callahan responded, In sum, the evidence presented by the State does not support the Legislatures purported interest. Nearly all of the research is based on correlation, not evidence of causation. (Callahan). Callahan also wrote that the research presented, did not show any link regarding causation of neurological or psychological harm by violent video games. The ruling favored the video software association. Steven Johnson wrote an article for Los Angeles times. In this article, he talks about Hillary Clinton vs. the Xbox: Game Over. In his article he commends Senator Clinton for proposing a $90 million study on the effects of violent video games on children, and for her courageous stand against Grand Theft Auto videogames, this obviously is sarcasm because then he says he would like Clinton to put her attention in another game whose nonstop violence has caught the attention of millions of children, this game, he writes, plants violent thought on its players and some of these players have gone to the real world and committed acts of violence and sexual assault (Johnson). He was talking about football. In addition he suggests that congress should focus in these facts: The last 10 years have seen the release of many popular violent games, including Quake and Grand Theft Auto, at this same time violent crime has decreased. According to Duke Universitys Child Well-Being Index, todays kids are less violent than kids have been at any time since the study began in 1975. (Johnson). In addition, Johnson believes that violent video games are actually good for peoples brain. For example he says that playing video games provides the player a cognitive training to the mind, and it develops mental skills as important as skills developed while reading books. The exercises that the internet, video games, and even movies offer, explain the increase in the intellectual coefficients of North Americans. Games and movies played and watched today would have been considered much complicated for the audience of thirty years ago, but now they capture the attention of millions of people. Finally, he sugges ts that violent videogames have been demonized by people who tend to generalize everything, just like the same thing when cars or rock and roll music first appeared. To conclude, the majority of violent video games players are old enough to understand the difference between the game and real life; therefore, they will not emulate the actions that the characters in their games do, nor will they rob banks, kill, or go to war. Its clear that violent video games do not cause violence. The real causes of violence are: depression, family problems, and just aggressive traits. The evidence that shows a correlation between games and violent video games are not effective to prove such games are harmful to children or cause violence. Parents and individuals who protest against these type of entertainment, should focus on the real causes of youth violence and not point fingers without informing themselves properly

The Grapes of Wrath :: essays research papers

This marking period I read a realistic fiction novel called The Grapes of Wrath. This novel takes place in the late 1930’s, when a farming family, the Joads, have to migrate from their farm in Oklahoma to California in order to find work. They move from camp to camp in search for work and survival. The main character, Tom Joad, gets into trouble after killing a cop who murdered his friend, Jim Casy. He goes into hiding for a while and then departs from the rest of the family. Meanwhile, Rose of Sharon, his sister, gives birth to a stillborn and then saves a man by allowing him to have her breast milk.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tom Joad is the main character of this novel. He is a kind and nice, short-tempered and fiercely independent. Tom is a man that is more into the present than anything else. He tends to worry less about what will happen next and more on what is happening now. After being released from prison, he heads home. He meets up with a Jim Casy, a preacher. Jim ends up staying with Tom through out most of the novel until he dies. Tom learns a lot about humanity through Jim and his own development in the novel and in the end becomes a man of the people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jim Casy is another significant character. His beliefs are significant to the stories theme and concepts. He has a significant effect on Jim with these beliefs he expresses to him. He believes that life is holy no matter what, and that organized religion isn’t the only way to be sinless and holy. Jim organizes migrant workers to stand up for themselves and against the bosses, who are beginning to lower wages and making life more difficult for them. His purpose in the novel was to help Tom develop into a social activist.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A third significant character is Ma Joad. She is not much different than any other mother. She is caring, loving, and protects her family. She is the backbone of the family. At the story progresses she is capable of keeping her family and herself together. She becomes more of a provider than Pa Joad. She is a strong person and has a strong composure, that she able to keep up. Ma Joad represent the true meaning of togetherness or she is the reason the Joad family survives and remains together as best as possible.

Hamlet, The Prince of Denmark Essay

Much of the dramatic irony and dramatic tension in Shakespeare’s â€Å"Hamlet, The Prince of Denmark† derives from the interplay between the characters’ public and private personas. The face that each of the characters shows to the public contrasts with, in most cases, the private persona of the same character. Similarly, the private â€Å"face† or motives of the characters usually stands in diametric opposition to their public persona. The most obvious examples of this dynamic is, are course, the characters of Claudius and Gertrude who must, by necessity, keep up a fraudulent set of public perceptions to cover their crimes of infidelity and murder. These obvious examples, however, are no more profound or integral to the play’s thematic impact than the likewise hypocrisies which afflict nearly every other character of the play. The almost universal nature of social mendacity is represented in â€Å"Hamlet† as being,in fact, the source of what is â€Å"rotten† in Denmark. The brilliance of the play exists, in part, in Shakespeare’s ability to demonstrate the way in which hypocrisy and being â€Å"two-faced† can impact all levels of society and corrupt even friendship and love. In many ways, the cast of characters in â€Å"Hamlet† reflect a social microcosm, with Hamlet, the young Prince, and Ophelia, representing the youth of society and the ghost of Hamlet’s father, Gertrude, Claudius, and Polonius representing the social establishment and cultural traditions which have fostered ongoing mendacity. From the very opening scene of the play, Shakespeare, with a knack for amazing subtlety, writes the following exchange between Bernardo and Horatio: BERNARDO Say, What, is Horatio there? HORATIO A piece of him. (Hamlet, 1. 1 25-28) Horatio’s reply indicates, according to critics of the play, that he is referring to the cold night air which has reduced him to a shivering semblance of his former self. However, the line can also be read as a subtle extension of the theme of mendacity adn meant to indicate that even Horatio, who will be revealed throughout the course of the play as a true friend to Hamlet, has been impacted by the â€Å"rottenness† in Denmark, the social hypocrisy which holds all in its sway. Similarly, Polonius, who represents the religious and spiritual aspects of society in the social microcosm of the play, dispenses words of wisdom to Laertes, acting the part of the wise and compassionate patriarch, a man of morals and God. Among his words of wisdom in Act One, Scene Three are the following observations: â€Å"Beware/ Of entrance to a quarrel, but being in,/ Bear’t that the opposed may beware of thee. / Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice;/ Take each man’s censure, but reserve thy judgment† (Hamlet 1. 3, 69-73). Obviously, Polonius fails to live by his own words. He openly intrigues against Hamlet, immersing himself into a quarrel which was not his own, and after doing so, fails to â€Å"Bear’t that the opposed may beware of thee† (Hamlet 1. 3, 71), but ends up being killed by Hamlet on accident. Key to all of the ironies which are associated with Shakespeare’s them of social mendacity is the character of Hamlet himself. If the reader or audience member who is experiencing Hamlet believes in the heart that Hamlet is, indeed, mad, then much of Hamlet’s behavior can be explained by madness. If, on the other hand, the reader or audience member believes that Hamlet is simply presenting yet another social â€Å"face† — this one in order to disrupt the hypocrisy of society — then Hamlet’s behavior becomes a method by which Shakespeare examines the heavy toll which is exacted on the individual in a hypocritical society. There is every reason to believe that the latter context is the one which Shakespeare hope to achieve in the play. One good bit of evidence for this supposition is in Act 2, Scene One, when Ophelia, stricken by the state which Hamlet has allowed himself to get into, she voices her concerns to her father, Polonius. Ophelia describes Hamlet â€Å"with his doublet all unbraced† (Shakespeare, 2. 1, 85) and â€Å"No hat upon his head† (Shakespeare 2. 1, 86). His appearance is taken to be an indication of his inner-state, propelling the sense of social facade as serving in place of truth in society. Ophelia concludes that Hamlet appeared as though â€Å"he had been loosed out of hell/ To speak of horrors,–he comes before me† (Shakespeare 2. 1, 90-91). The implication is that Hamlet’s disheveled state must indicate that he is, in fact, mad. Obviously, while Hamlet appears mad to others, he is plotting with great, rational precision to expose what he fears is the crime committed by his mother and his uncle. The sub-text of this is that Hamlet should be mad given the reality of the dilemma he faces. The great irony is, in fact, that he is not mad, but sane which will not allow him to live in a world of lies and hypocrisy. When Claudius and Gertrude react with horror to the â€Å"play within a play† Hamlet’s response is â€Å"What, frighted with false fire! † (Shakespeare 3. 2, 262) indicating his very rational understanding of the situation and of the reality of social mendacity. At this point, it seems that merely knowing of the hypocrisy is enough for Hamlet because when Claudius responds â€Å"Give me some light: away! † (Shakespeare 3. 2, 265) it is an admission that he, the King, and by association the whole of Denmark exists in â€Å"darkness† which is the darkness of social hypocrisy. Although hypocrisy is never actually justified in â€Å"Hamlet,† there is an interesting â€Å"reason† which is given in Act 4 of the play as to why people may be so easily led into hypocrisy and self-deception and that reason is: human mortality. When Hamlet observes of the dead that â€Å"There’s another: why may not that be the skull of a / lawyer? Where be his quiddities now, his quillets,/ his cases, his tenures, and his tricks? † (Shakespeare, 4. 1, 94-98) the reader or audience member realizes that the human hypocrisy portrayed throughout the play represents not only the lies and deceit necessary to facilitate human ambition in a corrupted society, but the human tendency to reject â€Å"cosmic† issues such as life and death and human spirituality in favor of materialism and worldly power. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. The Works of William Shakespeare Gathered into One Volume. New York: Oxford University Press, 1938.

How to make a good impression at acollege Essay

Style of dressing for college varies from place to place, culture to culture, environment to environment, so I can’t recommend you a specific type of dress or style of dressing, instead I had an exclusive and powerful tip for you to determine â€Å"what type of dress you have to wear on first day of college to give a great first impression†. Visit your college before first day or observe senior students of your college and check their dressing style to decide what suites you on first day of your college and in which dress you can make good first impression. Your look First thing counts in your first impression is your look because visual works much more earlier than the any other impression For males I suggest shiny hairs, fresh look and well shaved, smiling and charming face. For females light look, unique hairstyle and updated fashion works well. Neatness and uniqueness are the plus points to create good first impression on the first day of college. Hand carry Choosing your hand carry or college bag is simply recommended to be comfortable and light to carry preferably better suites your personality (height, weight). To get out of confusion you can also take help from your observation of senior students of your college, but I recommend you not to copy them instead develop a unique style of your own to choose college bag or to handle it. Selection of shoes Shoes recommended to wear on first day are that pair of your collection which suites you most and you can feel comfortable in them so you are then able to give your concentration to other necessary matters of giving good first impression instead of fighting with shoes. First day of the college Now come to some simple points you must have in your mind on the first day of college to make a good and powerful impression. Be punctual First thing is be on time. Embed your self in the new environment Don’t worry about finding yourself on the new environment; feel free and easy because those who will meet you are also humans. I had observed myself that many students at first day of the college are terrified that how they face new persons and new place, I suggest you to be normal and feel pleasant to make great impression on first day you must avoid any shyness and don’t be afraid and terrified. Your confidence Take care of your self-confidence its help you to face new environments and persons. Self-confidence doesn’t mean to be overconfidence; it may ruin your good first impression. Be careful about your self respect, self respect is in your hand. Be mature I suggest you to act more mature then other students so you can impress them and make a good start of your college life. Use your smile Use curve of smile to make the new problems and complexions straight. Step by step method of how to make good first impression on your first day of new job First impression Use your body language as a powerful weapon to create good first impression on others but remember not to over act. Handling your face impressions in front of others helps you great on the first day of your college. Manners have their own importance in expressing yourself to others, I suggest you to be well mannered with your fellows and teachers. I think you also known to the most famous saying that â€Å"first impression is the last impression† so observe it and follow it and give your best on every person you met in your college. Place yourself on your teachers place and observe yourself from his/her eyes, it helps you greatly in creating your first impression. Talk and treat politely Politeness attract everyone, keep it in mind don’t prefer to be harsh, it may break hearts. Don’t ever think that others are fools, remember that they also have minds and they can notice any foolish thing done by you. Be friendly and try to blend yourself in those whom you like on first sight. Speaking more then need isn’t good on the first day, lose talking and your volume matters greatly in making your good first impression on the first day of college. Be social Check names of all your teachers and try to meet them and introduce yourself to them personally, it’s a tip I have tried myself in college and after effects of this great first impression on my teachers are so good that I can’t have words to tell you that how much my this act of meeting personally on the first day of college works on my teachers. Try to recognize your fellows, who are going to be in future on your side and who are going to start competition with you in future. Try to recall the names of new fellows. Initial days are most important to create great first impression on your teachers and professors, so use these days to make an impression of brilliant and genius student in front of them, give them your company and be active before them and show yourself a bright and corporative student of your class. Your laugh Laughing a number of times harms your first impression on the first day of college but smile leaves some better points to you. Simple planning Configure your position in the class and seat to sit; it helps you to plan better for the further college life. Your first impression A smart and useful course on methods, tips, techniques and ways you need to build and improve your s Don’t be over smart One point that I had faced during first day of my college is that I tried to be over smart and think â€Å"what I know is unknown to others†, later I came to know that I was totally wrong and big fool, because of my that mistake I now recommend every student going to college â€Å"Please don’t be over smart in first days of college†. Be prepared for odds Be prepared for any ragging or teasing by seniors, I think its better to manage some distance from your seniors who wants to tease you in initial days of college. If you accidently caught by them face them calmly and don’t bother and feel unconfident. Take everything openly and recognize it with open mind don’t hyper of little troubles and problems which comes to as new student of the college. Check your studies Check out your subjects; if anyone comes to your interest, consult it, be active on that subject to create a good first impression in initial days of college, discuss that subject with teachers and fellows to be social. If you feel that some subjects are hard for you, don’t take tension, try to give them your concentration, I hope you can do it but in all cases keep yourself calm and please don’t bother. If you feel insecure, give your self time and take deep breath to boost yourself against the new challenges, feeling free is the main thing you need to prepare for the great first impression on the first day of college. Remember no one come to help you, in college you alone have to help yourself, so be prepared. Be social and try to discuss with others about different matters, there is nothing to worry about on the first day of college.

Burke

Burke Eternity, "˜God's Existence' The Pre-Socratics The Milesians and the majority of Pre-Socratic philosophers* which followed, all described the world in terms of some stuff or combination of stuffs, which the world evolved from. For the majority of the Pre-Socratic philosophers, the world was not created, but was somehow born out of this stuff, guided by some eternal principle. Moreover, the Pre-Socratics believed that the world always existed and will go on forever. Thales believed that this underlying stuff was water. Heraclitus thought it was fire driven by "˜Logos' (ie reason?). Pythagoras thought the world could be explained by the form of quantity (i.e. numbers). Anaximenes thought that it was air; Anaximander thought it was "aperion" . It seems easy to come to Thales defense, considering the amount of water in the world; this would be a more likely hypothesis than the fire of Heraclitus or the recipes of elements, which Anaxagorus claimed."School of Athens" Fresco in A postolic Palace, Rom...

Annotated Bibliographies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Annotated Bibliographies - Essay Example This article tries to describe school facility attributes that affect academic outcomes the most and in what manner and degree. Indoor air quality, ventilation and thermal comfort as an attribute states that students perform well in accordance of the air they breathe. The quality of the indoor air on the other hand, is the most important as bad air in an overcrowded space could lead to involuntary â€Å"sick building syndrome† that is health problems associated with bad air and bad class conditions. Temperature and humidity have been attributed to the growth of bacteria and mold if the humid state of the classroom is not controlled. In the article the author, Sheerin et al. conducted a study in order to identify various elements of school design that impact the learning of students. The authors state that through the research they figured out that various elements of school design impacted the learning of students. These elements included the amount and quality of space available for teachers to teach. Furthermore the ventilation and temperature of the class even had a significant impact on the environment of teaching as well as learning. The author even states that the quality of lighting is one of the three most important factors that help in the development of a healthy learning environment. Other factors that impact teach and learning includes noise, acceptance of new technology, furniture and maintenance of the school. In this article the authors Nair et al. compares modern school designs with the modern public spaces and states that the modern school designs are unhealthy for student’s learning and development. The author criticizes the existence of corridors and states that instead of corridors schools should have more informal meeting places. This is because there is a higher need for students to spend more time on solving problems in a practical manner and spend time in

Business Ethics and Consequentialism Assignment

Business Ethics and Consequentialism - Assignment Example For instance, it may repulse stakeholders and employees. It spoils the public image of the company which in the long run affects the company profitability (Hartman, 2002). This article analysis the ethical concerns in the case of the company that manufactured transistors that became the sole supplier to pacemaker manufacturing company in relation to Jeremy Bentham theory of ethics of utility. Ethical issues in the Case The company in question had been involved in supplying transistors used in production of pacemakers. The pacemaker is an electric device used to ensure that the heart of a patient with weak pulse rates does not stop. By implanting the devise in an individual, the heart functioning is completely dependent on this device. This means that if the device stops because of a defect, the patient automatically dies. There have been cases where patients had died after pulling the wires that connected to the device out unconsciously (Ferrell, 2010) There were also concerns on the lack of a standards used to test the electronics used in making the pace setters. The ethical issues in this case were being involved in supplying transistors to a company producing a device without good standards which put the lives of people at risk. If the faults of these devices would be traced back to the company supplying the transistors, they would be in danger of being sued in a law suit. This would have bad implications on the company which would pay huge fines on the affected families. The implication of the company in such a serious case leading to death of people would taint the company which would again have huge implications on the company’s productivity. Another ethical issue is if the company would pull out from this business, the company producing the pacemakers would also be out of business since the company in question was the only existing supplier. The pacemaker had benefited may people possibly saving their lives despite it having many flaws (Ferrell, 2 010). It would be wrong the deny patients this device which might just save them from the pangs of death. The company in the end decided to continue supplying the pacemaker company but would ensure that its engineers carried out rigorous testing on the electronics. This is because this is the only way that he supplying company would be help against in case of law suit. They also stated that they would stop business with the pacemaker company if the company failed to look into the technical problems. This way, the company would be able to help in making it possible for patient to enjoy the promising technology of the pacemaker. The company also figured that although it was not getting a lot of profits from this venture at that time. This was an upcoming industry with promising future growth and the company would get major benefits in the long run. What would Jeremy Bentham, the father of utilitarianism, have said about this Case? Bentham believed that utilitarianism is guided by two masters: pain and pleasure. Making ethical decisions is therefore based on looking for happiness and avoiding pain. This therefore means that utilitarian ethics means making decision that ensures that an individual benefits the most (Jeremy, 2009). Although it is right to promote the well being of others, this cannot be done if it is in conflict with individual good. In the case of the sole supplier, Bentham would have definitely

Oedipus The King Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Oedipus The King Research Paper - Essay Example ouses in us both pity and fear, Aristotle explains: â€Å"For pity is aroused by someone who undeservedly falls into misfortune, and fear is evoked by our recognizing that it is someone like ourselves who encounters this misfortune.† (51) That powerful combination of emotion made the story so popular that John Dryden, writing in the mid-1600s, said that the story had â€Å"worn so threadbare by the pens of all the epic poets† (170) that â€Å"people so soon as ever they heard the name of Oedipus, knew as well as the poet, that he had killed his father by a mistake and committed incest with his mother, before the play; that they were now to hear of a great plague, an oracle and the ghost of Laius.† (171) And, indeed, modern critics have echoed these opinions: Jennifer Lewin’s aptly titled â€Å"Oedipus Rex: Possibly the Greatest of all Tragedies† argues that the play represents the apex of dramatic achievement for tragedies. Even the chorus of the pl ay itself reflects the tragedy of Oedipus: Even the Freudians acknowledge the tragedy of Oedipus, even as they psychoanalyze his experience. In the 1950s, Charles Rado read the Oedipus myth in Freudian fashion, revealing it to be a battle between Oedipus and his own unconscious urges, culminating in self-destruction. Rado, of course, makes much of the incestuous relationship between Oedipus and his mother Jocasta, pointing to the riddle of the Sphinx as a metaphor for that union: â€Å"The riddle of the Sphinx is thus interpreted: four refers to the primal scene (four parental legs), the result of which is two, the legs of the child, who later develops a third leg, the penis. The Sphinx personifies the mother in her aspect of Medusa; the child splits her into mother and whore.† (233) Still, there appears to be no question that Rado views the conflicted hero who gave his name to the Freudian’s pet complex with sympathy. Still, the insistence on viewing Oedipus the King as a tragedy leaves a very real space of

Back in Shakespeare Essay Example for Free

Back in Shakespeare Essay Back in Shakespeares days courtly love was a fashionable tradition. What happened was the men saw the women as Goddesses but their love was more often unrequited. But the men would send them love letters in the form of sonnets in order to win the womans love, however it usually failed leaving the man feeling melancholic. This is the position Romeo found himself in as he was in love with a girl called Rosaline. Montague and Benvolio notice a change in Romeos behaviour due to this and Montague explains how he shuts up his windows and locks fair daylight out this shows that Romeo attempts to isolate himself from the outside world and really is depressed. As Romeo enters the scene the audience can see for themselves his state of mind during his conversation with Benvolio. His replies to Benvolios comments are short and subdued and he explains, sad hours seem long. We can work out from this that Romeo is not having a good time so our sympathy wins him over and we hope for his luck to change. As we move onto scene 2, we meet Paris, who is a man hoping to marry Juliet and is trying to convince Capulet to allow him to, however Capulet seems to think Juliet is too young for marriage as She hath not seen the change of fourteen years. The possible marriage between Paris and Juliet is exciting for the audience yet it is an obstacle between the forthcoming relationship between Romeo and Juliet. The scene then cuts back to Romeo and his problems with courtly love. Benvolio who is aware of Romeos problem tries to be a useful friend by giving him advice. His advice is one fire burns out anothers burning, this is a metaphorical way of putting; you should find someone else and forget about Rosaline. Then as Clown from the Capulet family is struggling to read a party invitation he asks Romeo and Benvolio to read the list out for him. Romeo notices that Rosalies name is on this list and the pair therefore decide to find a way of going to the masqued ball to give Romeo a chance of fore filling his dream of meeting Rosaline. The fact its a masqued ball means they can get in whilst in disguise and probably get away with it and this thought enters Benvolios head. In scene 3 we meet the Nurse. A nurse is the Elizabethan equivalent to a child minder, however in these days they were hired out commonly by wealthy upper class families and were pretty much part of the family, they would raise the children and even breast feed them when they are babies. This particular Nurse raised Juliet and the two of them are very close. She is a bubbly character who often tells sexual jokes or sexual innuendos and tells Juliet stories about when she was younger usually embarrassing her. From seeing the play myself I remember the nurse being an entertaining character and was an audience favourite which was most noticeable by the applause she got at the end. Her sexual humour is shown where she says, dost thou fall upon thy face? Thou wilt fall backward when thou hast more wit, wilt thou not, Jule? This is a crude joke of falling onto her back for sex and most fourteen year olds would find an adult talking to them like this terribly embarrassing yet the audience find it comical and entertaining. Soon after; Juliet discovers Pariss desire to marry her and to the nurses delight Juliet replies It is an honour that I dream not of. Again the audience are excited by what is now a probable marriage yet it also questions the possibility of Romeo and Juliet getting together. Whilst on their way to the Capulet masqued ball Romeo predicts the future when saying for my mind misgreaves some consequence, yet hanging in the stars, similarly to what it says in the prologue; Romeo is saying he fears an unfortunate accident. The audience therefore semi-expect this to ironically happen. This is meant to create tension especially when he says about an untimely death, which along with the prologue suggests young death. Scene 5 is set in the Capulet household as it is the location of their masqued ball. A masqued ball was a fashionable party to have in Elizabethan times where everyone went disguised in a mask. It was the equivalent to what a fancy dress party is today and this is why the Montagues were able to get in with little suspicion from the Capulets. Partys are always a popularity and so Shakespeare made this scene a key one in the play for the entertainment of the audience. From what the audience have seen so far, Romeo is a melodramatic isolated character. He has won over our sympathy and as he is one of the main characters we all want to see things turn around for him. The reason Shakespeare presents him as a melancholic lover is to emphasise the artificial nature of his love for Rosaline in comparison to the genuine emotion he feels for Juliet. We witness the two types of love juxtaposed and recognise that his love for Juliet is positive, energising and less of a pose. But by presenting him in love with someone else initially, it creates romantic suspense for the audience. When Romeo first sees Juliet, it is described as love at first sight, this really helps to emphasise how he feels about her. From the audiences point of view, Romeo appears to be shocked by how much Juliet stands out by the way he says O she doth teach torches to burn bright, the reason he says O at the start of his speech is purely to emphasise his emotion. The speech as a whole is a type of light imagery and explains how her beauty stands out so much to Romeo. He then goes on to say she hangs upon the cheek of night / As a rich jewel in an Ethiops ear, this is a metaphorical way of saying that she is beautiful, precious and rare to him as is Beauty too rich for use. These are both examples of wealth imagery. The majority of his speech in this part of the scene is imagery and metaphorical to help stress his feelings for Juliet, he also claims she Shows a snowy dove trooping with crows. This is in the category of bird and colour imagery and helps to stand out the point that she really does stand out from the crowd. As explained by courtly love, it was a common thing for men to respect women like they are goddesses, and Romeo uses this kind of holy imagery when he says touching hers, make blessed my rude hand. Overall the speech shows strong romantic interest due to how Romeo is so intense, passionate and genuine. This is one of the most loving parts of the story; however it is interrupted as the fiery character of Tybalt notices that a Montague is present. He clearly shows his anger by referring Romeo as a slave, which is saying that Romeo is like his inferior. As Capulet enters the scene; Tybalt threatens to strike him dead, however, Capulet bears in mind what the Prince said, in that any more fighting would mean their lives would pay the forfeit and as he wants no violence at the party, he aggressively prevents Tybalt from making any wrong moves. The hatred is then interrupted by the love of Romeo and Juliet as they meet and talk for the first time. Their conversation is set out in the style of a sonnet as of course; these were popular in the Elizabethan and Medieval times. It is very poetic, passionate and filled with religious imagery. The language is intense, memorable and uses rhyming couplets at the end of every other line to help it to sound better and stand out. Juliet is very responsive to Romeos requests and appears to want Romeo to kiss her, which was a rarity in the courtly love tradition. Romeo flirtatiously refers to Juliet as a Pilgrim; this shows how he respects her like a Goddess and this is the start of a large amount of religious imagery. In addition to that, Juliet answers back with her own religious metaphors like And palm to palm is holy palmers kiss this also contains some alliteration due to the repetitive use of words containing palm. The speech overall is a pattern of Romeo flirting to Juliet and Juliet flirting back, this keeps the flow of the conversation going and on a couple of occasions we witness a kiss. All this comes to a sudden end as the Nurse enters the scene and they discover each others identity. The nurse calls Juliet to go to her mother and when she is gone explains to Romeo Her mother is the lady of the house and of course Romeo realises this is the Capulet house. Benvolio calls Romeo away from the scene explaining The sport is at the best which informs that he knows the best part of the night is over and their identity has been discovered. This means that the Montagues have to make a swift exit effectively making Romeo and Juliets moment short with a sudden end. This leaves the nurse and Juliet alone together. Juliet finds out from the Nurse that Romeo is in fact a Montague and is clearly devastated by this when she says My grave is like to be my wedding bed and My only love sprung from my only hate. All the way throughout this scene; Shakespeare juxtaposes love and hate. The first sight of love is at Romeos first glimpse of Juliet and the whole love at first sight event, this is interrupted by Tybalt noticing Romeo and wanting to cause a violent act but he is stopped by Capulet. This allows Romeo and Juliet to have their first speech in the form of the love sonnet although when the two realise each others identity, the hate between the two families takes over leaving the audience wondering if the power of their love is strong enough to overcome the hate. In conclusion to the opening act of the play; Shakespeare creates many untied ends to the story. This makes the audience want to carry on watching to get an answer to their questions; questions such as will Tybalt fore fill his threat towards Romeo? Are Romeo and Juliet going to die and if so how? Will Paris marry Juliet? And will there be any more fighting? The only possible way for the audience to find an answer to these questions is to carry on watching the play. This was Shakespeares objective for the opening act and he has therefore successfully completed it.

ATR-FTIR Analysis for Oil Type Identification

ATR-FTIR Analysis for Oil Type Identification Abstract Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) analysis could greatly help in the identification of oil. By mere inspection of the IR spectra, saturated oils can be easily distinguished from coconut oils. Identification of oils can be enhance by the use of chemometrical techniques such Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Using this technique, subtle differences in the spectra can be used to classify vegetable oils. This study have shown that ATR-FTIR together with PCA can be used to differentiate unsaturated oils from saturated oil and discriminate virgin coconut oil (VCO) from ordinary refined, bleached and deodorized coconut oil (CCO). Introduction Virgin coconut oil (VCO) has a potential to be one of the Philippines’ high-value export products. In the first half of 2005 alone about 350 metric tons of VCO were shipped to foreign markets. Virgin coconut oil is a minimally process or a cold press oil obtained by mechanical means (Philippine National Standard for Virgin Coconut Oil 2005) such as crushing pressing and centrifugation. These procedures result in the retention of the natural flavor and minor components of the oil, which can otherwise be destroyed by chemical process such as refining, deodorizing and bleaching. Cold pressed oils commands a higher price compared to processed oils because these â€Å"natural† procedures deliver lower yield and uses higher quality raw materials to prevent spoilage (Ulberth and Buchgraber 2000). To ensure the quality of VCO in the country, The Philippine National Standard provided a criterion (PNS/BAFPS 22:2004). This standard includes determination of fatty acid composition using gas-liquid chromatography (GLC), iodine value and sensory parameters such as taste, odor and color (Philippine National Standard for Virgin Coconut Oil 2005). However, it is a known fact that the fatty acid profile of oils is species dependent; therefore this classification method cannot distinguish VCO from ordinary refined, bleached and deodorized coconut oil (CCO). Iodine value in the other hand gives information on the degree of unsaturation of the oil and may be use only to distinguish coconut oils from unsaturated oil like corn oil (CO) and soybean oil (SO) but cannot discriminate VCO from CCO. Sensory parameters can easily be manipulated by bleaching and deodorizing the oil or by addition of flavoring agents. In recent years, various spectroscopic methods have been employed to authenticate vegetable oils such as virgin olive oil (VOO) (Aparicio and Luna 2002; Bucci et al. 2002; Dupuy et al. 1996; Lankmayr et al. 2004; Ozen et al. 2003; Tapp et al. 2003; Tay et al. 2002; Vigli et al. 2003; Yang et al. 2005). These techniques have the advantages of minimal sample preparation and rapid analysis time (Ulberth and Buchgraber 2000). In the study conducted by Yang et al (2005), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was found to be the most efficient in classification of oils as compared to Fourier Transform Raman and Fourier Transform Near Infrared spectroscopy. An attenuated total reflectance (ATR) accessory is usually used with the FTIR spectrometer for oil and fat study due to its ability to handle liquid samples easily. The resulting infrared spectrum contains all vibrational information about the entire components of the sample. In order to take full advantage of the spectral infor mation, including subtle features that may not be readily discerned, pattern recognition techniques such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) are commonly used. These techniques can reveal relationships that were not previously suspected, which can lead to interpretations that are not readily apparent by mere visual inspection of IR spectra alone (Beebe et al. 1998; Davies and Fearn 2005). PCA is a mathematical manipulation used to reorganize the high-dimensionality of spectroscopic data into a smaller number of â€Å"Principal Components† or PCs that can account for the majority of the information in the data set. Methodology All samples of edible oils were obtained from reputable supermarkets in Iloilo City. Samples include four brands of VCO [a total of six samples, one brand have a total of three samples, two regular VCO with different manufacturing dates (labeled as VCO2 and VCO3) and one corn flavored VCO (labeled as VCO4) ] , three different brands of coconut oil ( CCO1, CCO2, and CCO3) and one brand each of corn oil (CO), soybean oil (SO), canola oil (CLO), virgin olive oil (VOO) and palm oil (PO). The oils were stored in their original containers until used. Minimal opening of bottles were observed to prevent oxidation of oils. Infrared (IR) spectra of samples were obtained at 4000 – 400 cm-1, 1 cm-1 resolution and 64 scans; using the Avatar 330 Thermo Nicolet FTIR equipped with DTGS (deuterated tri-glycine sulphate) detector and EZ OMNIC software at the University of the Philippines in the Visayas Chemistry Laboratory, Miag-ao, Iloilo. Samples were placed directly on a multi-bounce zinc selenide horizontal ATR crystal. The ATR crystal was totally cleaned using acetone after each run. IR spectral data of different oils from EZ OMNIC software were converted to Microsoft Excel files. Data were arranged in tabular form, different oils in columns and transmittance at different wavelengths in rows. The excel file was then transferred to Unscrambler version 9.6 for Principal Components Analysis. The evaluation version of this software can be downloaded at www.camo.com. Results and Discussion The FTIR spectra of most fats and oils appeared almost visually similar; the slight differences in the spectral features reflect the variations in the fatty acid composition (Figure1 to 6). Every peak in the spectra represents structural and functional group, either of the oil or other minor components. At the high frequency end of the spectrum (4000-3500 cm-1) only a few absorption bands can be observed. The most notable are the absorption bands due to O-H stretching vibration at about 3700 and 3400 cm-1, which may be due to moisture, alcohol or fatty acids. Both alcohols and free fatty acids are degradation product of triglycerides which accumulate during prolong storage and in the presence of moisture. For a clean and dry oil, only the first overtone of the C=O vibration could be seen. The strong band dominating the 3000-2840 cm-1 region is due to C-H stretches of methylene and terminal methyl groups. The =C-H stretch absorbed at slightly higher region, 3095 -3010 cm-1. A strong a bsorption peak in the range of 1750-1735 cm-1 is due to the C=O stretch of an aliphatic ester. If degradation has occurred a shoulder located on the lower frequency side of this will appear due to the C=O stretch of the resulting long chain carboxylic acid (1730-1700 cm-1). A sharp peak at about 1660-1600 cm-1 results from a C=C stretching vibration. The presence of this peak together with a C-H peak at wavenumber greater than 3000 cm-1 is a good indication of unsaturation. The part of the spectrum lower than 1500 cm-1 is called the fingerprint region. The absorption in this area of the spectrum is highly characteristic of the molecule as a whole, and can be used to identify the substance (Pavia et al. 2000; van de Voort et al. 2001). As shown in Figure1-6 its is easy to distinguish unsaturated oils from saturated oils by observing the regions that indicate unsaturation, 3095-3010 cm-1 and 1660-1600 cm-1. For olive, corn, palm, canola and soybean oil sharp peaks are seen in both of these areas but no such peaks can be seen in the IR spectra of either CCO or VCO. Thus, visual examination of the IR spectrum can provide a way to distinguish unsaturated oils from coconut oils. However, visual inspection of the spectra alone is insufficient to differentiate VCO from CCO because their IR spectra are identical to the naked eye. To compare such large data sets like IR spectra, which consist of more than a thousand wavelengths, Principal Component Analysis can be used. This chemometrical technique mathematically models the data into a more manageable data sets (consisting of a few principal components) that can then be interpreted more easily (Brereton 2003). Principal Component Analyses were performed on the spectra of all oils using Unscrambler version 9.6 software. The software generated several important plots. The percent variance plot gives the total variation in the data set that is described by a particular PC. This plot can be used to determine the number of PC that can effectively describe the whole data set. The 2D scatter plot (PCy vs. PCx) represents how the samples are related to each other. The closeness of the samples in the plot is interpreted as chemical similarity(Beebe and others 1998). The percent variance plot (Figure 7) of the oil samples spectra generated by the software shows that the first two principal components represent almost 100% of the variance in the data set. As a general rule the PCs that account for less than 5% of the data variation can be rejected (Beebe and others 1998), therefore the first two PCs are sufficient in making our investigation. The scatter plot of first principal component (PC1) versus the second principal component (PC2) shows that it possible to separate the oils into two separate groups, the unsaturated and coconut oil group (Figure 8). Unsaturated oil group consists of corn oil, soya oil, canola oil, palm oil while that of the coconut oil includes CVO and CCO. Performing the same analysis on CCO and VCO spectra reveals that only the PC1 and the PC2 are highly significant (Figure 9). However, the scatter plot of the two PCs did not successfully separate VCO from CCO (Figure 10). Close inspection of spectra reveal that there are absorption bands at the high frequency region that might indicate the presence of moisture, fatty alcohol or fatty acids in some samples. This observation is confirmed by the Influence Plot (Figure 11) that shows that there is a high residual variance of the 3740 cm-1, a wavenumber corresponding to H-O absorption. This indicates that the moisture content, fatty alcohol or the free fatty acid content of the oil may have greatly controlled the classification process. The other residual in the influence plot may be due to other components of VCO or CCO that are vital in the classification process. To correct for the effect of the O-H absorption band, it was decided to eliminate wavelength above 1800 cm-1 from the spectra of the oil and use only the area encompassing the carbonyl carbon (C=O) and fingerprint region, 1800-400 cm-1. Principal component analysis of this part of the spectra shows that the first two PC can be used to correctly classify VCO and CCO into separate groups (Figure 12 and 13). In conclusion, FTIR identification of oils can be enhance by the use of chemometrical techniques such Principal Component Analysis. Using this technique, subtle differences in the spectra can be used to classify oil. FTIR together with PCA can differentiate unsaturated oils from saturated oil and can discriminate virgin coconut oil from ordinary refined, bleached and deodorized coconut oil (CCO). Acknowledgement The authors are very grateful to the UP System for upgrading the UPV Chemistry Laboratory and for the purchase of the FTIR used this study possible. Literature Cited Aparicio R, Luna G. 2002. Charaterization of Monovarietal Virgin Olive Oils. European Journal of Lipid Science Technology 104:614-627. Beebe KR, Pell RR, Mary BS. 1998. Chemometrics: A Practical Guide. New York: John Wiley Sons, Inc. 348 p. Brereton RG. 2003. Chemometrics Data Analysis for the Laboratory and Chemical Plant. West Sussex: John Wiley Sons Ltd. 489 p. Bucci R, Magri AD, Magri AL, Marini D, Marini F. 2002. Chemical Authentication of extra Virgin Olive Oil Varieties by Supervise Chemometric Procedure. Journal Agricultural Food Chemistry 50:413-418. Davies AMC, Fearn T. 2005 Back to Basics: The Principles of Principal Component Analysis. Spectroscopy Asia:35-38. Dupuy N, Duponchel L, Huvenne J, Sombret B, Legrand P. 1996. Classification of Edible Fats and Oils by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra. Food Chemistry 57(2):245-251. Lankmayr E, Mocak J, Serdt K, Balla B, Wenzl T, Bandoniene D, Gfrerer M, Wagner S. 2004. Chemometrical Classification of Pumpkin Seed OIl using Uv-Vis, NIR and FTIR Spectra. Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods 61(1-2):95-106. Ozen BF, Weiss I, Mauer L. 2003. Dietary Supplement Oil Classification and Detection of Adulteration Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Journal Agricultural Food Chemistry 51:5871-5876. Pavia DL, Lampman GM, Kriz GS. 2000. Introduction to Spectroscopy. New York: Brooks Cole. Philippine National Standard for Virgin Coconut Oil. 2005. PNS/BAFPS 22:2004. Tapp HS, Defernez M, Kemsley K. 2003. FTIR spectroscopy and Multivariate Analysis can Distinguish the Geographic Origin of Extra Virgin Olive Oil. Journal Agricultural Food Chemistry 51:6110-6115. Tay A, Singh RK, Krishnan SS, Gore JP. 2002. Authentication of Olive Oil Adulterated with Vegetable Oils Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. LWT-Food Science and Technology 35:99-103. Ulberth F, Buchgraber M. 2000. Authenticity of Fats and OIls. European Journal of Lipid Science Technology 102:687-694. van de Voort F, Sedman J, Russin T. 2001. Lipid Analysis by Vibrational Spectroscopy. European Journal of Lipid Science Technology 103:815-840. Vigli G, Philippidis A, Spyros A, Dais P. 2003. Classification of Edible Oils by Employing 31P and 1H NMR Spectroscopy in Combination with Multivariate Statistical Analysis. A Proposal for the Detection of Seed Oil Adulteration in Virgin Olive Oils. Journal Agricultural Food Chemistry 51:5715-5722. Yang H, Irudayaraj J, Paradkar M. 2005. Discriminant Analysis of Edible Oils and Fats by FTIR, FT-NIR and FT-Raman Spectroscopy. Food Chemistry 93:25-32.